'Be me but not me' is the paradox of the
precursor's implicit charge to the ephebe. Less
intensely, his poem says to its descendant poem: 'Be
like me but unlike me.' If there were no ways of
subverting this double bind, every ephebe would
develop into a poetic version of a schizophrenic.
TOM: Yes, I have tricks in my pocket, I have things
up my sleeve. But I am the opposite of a stage
magician. He gives you illusion that has the appearance
of truth. I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of
illusion. To begin with, I turn back time.
Although I can write [...] another thirty-five books, I am reconciled to the fact that to my dying day and beyond I will be regarded as the author of one book: The Anxiety of Influence.3
What is a poet's stance rhetorical, psychological, imagistic as he writes his poem? By "as" I do not intend a biographical or historical question in any traditional sense. That as itself is a poem's labor at becoming what I call a fiction of duration. I have in mind something like Kenneth Burke's splendid question: What was the poet attempting to do for himself by writing this particular poem? but I swerve from my heroic precursor by adding that I mean the poet as poet rather than the poet as person.6
Blake died in the evening of Sunday, August 12, 1827, and the firm belief in the autonomy of a poet's imagination died with him.12
Bloom preaches the apocalyptic humanism of Blake and Shelley, and presents a reading method to go with it, a method derived directly from the central poems of Romanticism as Bloom conceives it and intended completely to counter the established reading regimen of his critical adversaries.13
[...] These lines mix a Wordsworthian plangency for the hiding places of imaginative power with the accents of wrestling Jacob, who would not let the angel go until a divine blessing was bestowed.14
I had a ghastly nightmare, about the time of my birthday: July 11, 1967. A simply ghastly nightmare, in which I had this sensation that I was being suffocated by some great winged creature which was pressing down on me. I woke up the next day and, after I had cleared my head, I started writing a long dithyramb called "The Covering Cherub, or Poetic Influence." And then, throughout the summer of 1968 a year later, I elaborated on the first notion of "clinamen," and the other five tropes or ratios came into play. I didn't publish the book for four or five years more, partly because everyone to whom I showed it including that great man the Ayatollah Hartmeini shook their heads and assured me that, whatever this was, it was neither literary theory nor literary criticism. Hartman, in particular, told me to just junk it.16
It is a curiosity [...] of much nineteenth and twentieth-century discourse about both the nature and the human, and about ideas, that the discourse is remarkably clarified if we substitute "poem" for "person," or "poem" for "idea." The moral psychologist, philosopher or psychoanalyst is discovered to be talking about poems, and not about psyches or concepts or beliefs. Nietzsche and Freud seem to me the major instances of this surprising displacement, but examples abound in other major speculators.22
Yeats was a poet very much in the line of vision; his ancestors in English poetic tradition were primarily Blake and Shelley, and his achievement will at last be judged against theirs.25
Poetic influence, as I conceive it, is a variety of melancholy or an anxiety-principle. It concerns the poet's sense of his precursors, and of his own achievement in relation to theirs. Have they left room enough, or has their priority cost him his art? More crucially, where did they go wrong, so as to make it possible for him to go right? In this revisionary sense, in which the poet creates his own precursors by necessarily misinterpreting them, poetic influence forms and malforms new poets, and aids their art at the cost of increasing, finally, their already acute sense of isolation.27
| Clinamen | E' l'atto di mislettura in senso stretto, o "swerve," che si concretizza in una sorta di movimento di correzione, presupponendo "errato" il testo precursore. |
| Tessera | E' un completamento per antitesi che presuppone incompleto il testo precursore. |
| Kenosis | E' l'atto dell'efebo che si "umilia," negando la propria priorità e con essa, implicitamente, anche quella del precursore, con l'effetto di "vuotarlo." Ciò serve al poeta per liberarsi dal vincolo della semplice ripetizione e, al contrario, affermare una discontinuità. |
| Daemonization | E' definito da Bloom "contro-sublime," cioè la repressione del sublime del precursore all'interno della tradizione, repressione messa in atto dall'efebo per affermare l'unicità del proprio sublime. |
| Askesis | E' l'equivalente poetico della sublimazione, quindi molto simile al movimento di kenosis. Ma, non potendosi permettere un ulteriore "svuotamento," il poeta si limita a "ritagliare" una parte di se stesso, affermando così tramite una mancanza, un'assenza, la propria unicità. |
| Apophrades | E' denominato da Bloom "il ritorno del morto," cioè la ricomparsa finale del precursore nella creazione dell'efebo. Ma, grazie al tenace lavoro di revisione compiuto nel frattempo, il precursore ritorna "con i colori" dell'efebo, perdendo quindi la priorità che il tempo gli aveva assegnato. L'apophrades, dando l'illusione di un'inversione temporale, è ciò che permette allo strong poem di raggiungere il proprio scopo, "to lie against time." |
| Tab. 1 |
Lines 1-20, the induction: clinamen. Dialectical opposition of sun and stars, as presence/absence of nature/poetry; rhetorical irony of saying "dawn" and meaning "twilight"; reaction- formation on Shelley's part against Wordsworthian natural piety; deeper irony implied (as figure-of-thought) of presence of natural sun and absence of stars (poets) preparing for overwhelming presence of chariot of Life, a presence blanker than any absence.
Lines 21-40, the induction completed: tessera. Imagery of recurrence, of vision as part of whole that is repetition of vision; synecdoche of poet's vision for all of reality; psychically a reversal into the opposite as Shelley moves from imaginative activity into passive reception of a vision not his own, and so at least purgatorial of the self.
Lines 41-175, the pageant: kenosis. Imagery of emptying-out of captives of Life; metonymy of fiction of the leaves; Life the Conqueror as metonymy of death; Chariot of Life as undoing of Merkabah; dance of victims as undoing of Eros; metonymy of foam for sexual passion; metonymy of shade for death-in-life; psychic defense of undoing Shelley's own vision of love, as in St. Ignatius: "My Eros is crucified."
Lines 176-300, epiphany of Rousseau as surrogate for Wordsworth: daemonization. The Sublime collapsed into the Grotesque; litotes as reversed hyperbole; infernal imagery of the depths of degradation; powerful repression of Shelley's own desire to carry through the Rousseau-Wordsworth dream of natural redemption; imagery of the great, those on intellectual heights, thrown down.
Lines 300-411 Rousseau's account of his imaginative genesis, culminating in his yielding to the "Shape all light": askesis. Imagery of inside subjectivity and outward nature; sublimation of greater vision to lesser as Rousseau drinks of Shape's cup of Nepenthe; radical metaphor of the poem, the tripartite metaphor of three lights: the original one, the Shape's, Life's.
Lines 412-end, Rousseau's vision after his sublimation, Shelley's own reaction, transumption of Intimations Ode: the apophrades. Return of Wordsworth, but somewhat in Shelley's own colors; imagery of belatedness; deliberate refusal to bring about metaleptic reversal; death of earliness and joy; introjection of past, and so of Wordsworthian defeat; projection of poetic future, and so abandonment of what has become merely a life-in-death.
Those are the contours of misprision in The Triumph of Life [...]29
Let us attempt the experiment (apparently frivolous) of reading Paradise Lost as an allegory of the dilemma of the modern poet, at his strongest. Satan is that modern poet, while God is his dead but still embarrassingly potent and present ancestor, or rather, ancestral poet. [...] Modern poetry begins in two declarations of Satan: "We know no time when we were not as now" and "To be weak is miserable, doing or suffering."34
Influence would thus be reduced to semantic tension, to an interplay between literal and figurative meanings. As the sixfold, composite trope outlined above, influence remains subject-centered, a person-to-person relationship, not to be reduced to the problematic of language. From the viewpoint of criticism, a trope is just as much a concealed mechanism of defense, as a defense is a concealed trope.36
| DIALECTIC OF REVISIONISM | IMAGES IN THE POEM | RHETORICAL TROPES | PSYCHIC DEFENSE | REVISIONARY RATIO |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limitation | Presence and Absence | Irony | Reaction-Formation | Clinamen |
| Representation | Part for Whole or Whole for Part | Synecdoche | Turning against the self. Reversal. | Tessera |
| Limitation | Fullness and Emptiness | Metonymy | Undoing, isolation, regression | Kenosis |
| Representation | High and Low | Hyperbole, Litotes | Repression | Daemonization |
| Limitation | Inside and Outside | Metaphor | Sublimation | Askesis |
| Representation | Early and Late | Metalepsis | Introjection, Projection | Apophrades |
| Tab. 2 |
While metonymy hints at the psychology of compulsion and obsession, synecdoche hints at the vicissitudes that are disorders of psychic drives. Regressive behavior expresses itself metonymically, but sado-masochism is synecdochic, in a very dark sense. I verge upon saying that naming in poetry is a limitation of meaning, whereas un-naming restitutes meaning, and so adds to representation.38
Now, it ought to be clear that I am invoking an analogue only, but what I have termed the ephebe's perverseness, his revisionary movements of clinamen and tessera, are precisely what keeps this double bind situation an analogue rather than an identity. If the ephebe is to avoid over-determination, he needs to forsake correct perception of the poems he values most.43
As a judicial critic, R.P. Blackmur approximates the Arnold of our day. He ranks poets. His essay "Lord Tennyson's Scissors: 1912- 1950" creates a new scriptural canon out of modern poetry in English. Class I: Yeats, Pound, and Eliot. Plenty of other classes, but all their members standing below Pound and Eliot.44
A critic may have political responsibilities, but the first obligation is to raise again the ancient and quite grim triple question of the agonist: more than, less than, equal to?45
Copyright © 1995, Marco Malaspina, Last Updated - 13/03/96 18:11:24